3-methyladenine (3-MA) and wortmannin (Wm) also inhibit class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K), but ... is needed for autophagy). The regulation of autophagy is complex and far from understood.
RAF, PI3K and the RAL guanine exchange factor (RAL ... and NF-κB activation are required for KRAS-induced tumorigenesis. Autophagy counterbalances cellular stress associated with oncogenic ...
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