Abstract: The linear–quadratic mean field social control problem is studied in a large-population system with heterogeneous agents following the direct approach. A graph is introduced to represent the ...

If the discriminant (b² - 4ac) is negative, the roots are complex numbers. Complex roots always come in conjugate pairs (a + bi and a - bi), where 'a' and 'b' are real numbers, and 'i' is the ...

Abstract: This article is concerned with linear quadratic regulation (LQR) and stabilization problems for discrete-time stochastic systems with multiple input channels and input delays. In comparison ...

The coordinate grid, also known as the Cartesian plane, is a two-dimensional space formed by two perpendicular lines: the ...

Descriptive set theorists study the niche mathematics of infinity. Now, they’ve shown that their problems can be rewritten in ...