Discrete small-signal MOSFETs still find uses today, and this Design Idea presents two simple examples: an AND gate, and an amplitude modulator. Figure 1 shows a standard two-input AND gate along with ...

In pulse position modulation, the amplitude and width of the pulses are kept constant, while the position of each pulse with reference to position of reference pulse, is changed according to the ...

An interferometer modulator uses a beamsplitter to produce deflected and transmitted light beams onto mirrored surfaces of a piezoelectric crystal pair, one piezoelectric crystal being driven by a ...

The average textbook definition of modulation reads: modulation is a process in which the frequency, phase or amplitude of a carrier wave varies in step with the instantaneous value of the modulating ...

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM) is a technique of converting analog signals into rectangular waveforms. The width of the waveform varies in proportion with the ...

In modern communication systems, modulation is a key function that embeds the baseband signal (information) into a carrier wave so that it can be successfully broadcasted through a medium such as air ...

Error vector magnitude (EVM) is a measure of modulation quality and error performance in complex wireless systems. It provides a method to evaluate the performance of ...