This lab includes a theoretical explanation of how buffers work and how they are made, including a derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Students will use what they have learned to ...

Strong base is added to three different buffers and water and the effect on pH is observed.

In-line buffer management markedly reduced the production bottlenecks and manufacturing costs inherent in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Additional cost reductions are possible, however, by ...

A pH meter measures a pH or the acidity/alkalinity of substances. Most pH meters rely on a glass electrode that measures the number of hydrogen ions in the solution. Usually, pH meters need to be ...