A behind-the-scenes blog about research methods at Pew Research Center. For our latest findings, visit pewresearch.org. Identifying causal relationships from observational data is not easy. Still, ...

Panel survey data have been gaining importance in marketing. However, one challenge of estimating econometric models based on panel survey data is how to account for underreporting; that is, ...

Economic panel data often exhibit cross-sectional dependence, even after conditioning on appropriate explanatory variables. Two approaches to modeling cross-sectional dependence in economic panel data ...

Understanding data is a prerequisite to gaining control of any enterprise. But understanding is only useful if that knowledge can be shared and transmitted. Effective data modeling should be a primary ...

At its heart, data modeling is about understanding how data flows through a system. Just as a map can help us understand a city’s layout, data modeling can help us understand the complexities of a ...

Data modeling, at its core, is the process of transforming raw data into meaningful insights. It involves creating representations of a database’s structure and organization. These models are often ...