In the early '90s, many pessimists predicted that CMOS would hit a wall as it approached 100-nm and lower gate lengths toward the end of the century. But CMOS processes steadily marched forward, ...

Low-voltage CMOS analog circuit design has emerged as a critical area of research, driven by the dual imperatives of energy efficiency and high-performance signal processing. This discipline focuses ...

In the drive for lower cost, smaller size and reduced power consumption, the consumer electronics industry is at the forefront of deep-submicron CMOS process development. Increasing gate densities and ...

Modern circuit design is a “mixed signal” endeavor thanks to the availability of sophisticated process technologies that make available bipolar and CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor), ...

Digital design is, of necessity, performed at a very high level of abstraction. When dealing with millions to hundreds of millions of transistors, working at the transistor level is completely ...

The Bandgap Reference (BGR) circuit is a key element in Very-large-scale Integration (VLSI) designs, providing a stable reference voltage that is crucial for the performance and reliability of analog ...

CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) technology can be found in most all modern electronic devices—microcontrollers, microprocessors, and static RAM in both digital and analog form. We use ...